The aim of this research therefore was to streamline the understanding of typical causal structures in both randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials in oncology, presenting concise guidelines for ...

This paper focuses on a situation in which a set of treatments is associated with a response through a set of supplementary variables in linear models as well as discrete models. Under the situation, ...

One of the most popular applications of artificial intelligence to date has been to use it to predict things, using algorithms trained with historical data to determine a future outcome. But ...

Recent clinical trials in oncology have used increasingly complex methodologies, such as causal inference methods for intercurrent events, external control, and covariate adjustment, posing challenges ...