Many industrial and medical applications use instrumentation amplifiers (INA) to condition small signals in the presence of large common-mode voltages and DC potentials. The three op amp INA ...

Accurate signal conditioning and high-resolution measurements are no longer limited to industrial or instrumentation applications. Designers of portable consumer- electronic equipment also need to ...

Circuits that carry femtoamperes of current have many subtleties that you wouldn’t normally consider in the design and layout of conventional circuitry. If you overlook these subtleties, the circuit ...

Capacitive sensors supply high accuracy at a relatively low cost. But system designers attempting to use them have been forced to first convert the capacitance to a voltage, then convert the voltage ...

Instrumentation amplifiers can abet many sensor applications, from ratiometric bridges to low-side current sensing. Sensor measurements typically translate physical phenomena of interest into ...

Programmable logic controller IO module. How hard is it to keep track of a binary electronic system? It can only be in one of two states: on or off, open or closed, 0 or 1. While that may be correct, ...