The multi-mode gas cluster ion source (GCIS) is designed to operate in both Ar n + cluster and Ar + monatomic modes making it suitable for sputter cleaning and depth profiling organic, inorganic and ...

Precisely quantifying metal oxide samples’ chemical compositions with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) may be adversely impacted by adventitious carbon contamination, which is often found on the ...

WHEN a stream of electrons is passed through a monatomic gas, negative ions are supposed to be formed by direct electron attachment to atoms of the gas with radiation of the excess energy. When the ...

Hydrogen fuel cells are emerging as key players in the clean energy landscape of the future, except for one problem: it takes a lot of energy to make hydrogen (H2-molecular), and here in the US, the ...

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