Modern civilization depends on the transport of liquid and gases in systems of pipes, just as humans depend on the transport of blood through arteries and veins 1. As fluids move through pipes, they ...

Bypass pipes, accompanied by a three-way control valve, are often seen in hydronic systems at both served loads (e.g., reheat coils) as well as at primary equipment (e.g., cooling towers). Reasons for ...

A water flow meter is an instrument capable of measuring the amount of water passing through a pipe. Several water flow meter technologies are available for selection depending on the water ...